Itinerários terapêuticos para cuidados em saúde bucal de adultos quilombolas de um distrito rural da Bahia, Brasil / Therapeutic itineraries of quilombola adults for oral health care in a rural district of Bahia, Brazil

Resumo O estudo analisou os itinerários terapêuticos relacionados à saúde bucal de adultos quilombolas de um distrito rural de Vitória da Conquista, Bahia. Trata-se de uma pesquisa qualitativa, na qual foram realizadas dez entrevistas semiestruturadas com adultos quilombolas em maio de 2021, transcritas e analisadas por meio da análise de conteúdo. Os resultados evidenciaram ausência e/ou precariedade na higiene bucal em alguma fase da vida, especialmente infância e adolescência; utilização de práticas populares para cuidado a saúde bucal e experiências de cuidado profissional marcados pela exodontia. A utilização de serviços de saúde foi relatada, em sua maioria, apenas no período anterior à pandemia de COVID-19, os entrevistados divergiram quanto à percepção de facilidade do acesso aos serviços de saúde em sua comunidade. Os relatos sobre a satisfação da saúde bucal destacaram a necessidade de uso ou substituição de próteses dentárias. À guisa de conclusão, entende-se que é necessária a promoção de saúde bucal de forma articulada com ações que possibilitem a prevenção de agravos, a reabilitação odontológica e a valorização do conhecimento e da visão de mundo da população quilombola.

Abstract This study examined the oral health-related therapeutic itineraries of quilombola adults in a rural district of Vitória da Conquista, Bahia. This qualitative study involved ten semi-structured interviews of adult members of the quilombola community, in May 2021, which were then transcribed and analysed using content analysis. The results showed little or poor oral hygiene at some stage of life, especially in childhood and adolescence, the use of popular oral health care practices, and experiences of professional care featuring tooth extraction. Use of health services was mostly reported only in the period prior to the COVID-19 pandemic. Responses as to perceived ease of access to health services in the community varied. One common complaint as to satisfaction with oral health was the need to use or replace dental prostheses. This study concluded that oral health must be promoted jointly with disease prevention, dental rehabilitation and recognition for the knowledge and worldview of the quilombola population.

Racial and ethnic disparities in premature births among pregnant women in the NISAMI cohort, Brazil / Disparidades étnicas e raciais nos partos prematuros entre gestantes da coorte NISAMI, Brasil

Abstract The incidence of premature birth has increased worldwide, unequally distributed by race/ethnicity. Racism generates economic inequalities, educational disparities, and differential access to health care, which increases the risk of preterm birth. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the factors associated with preterm birth and racial and ethnic disparities in premature birth among pregnant women attending prenatal care at the Brazilian Unified Health System health units in the urban area of Santo Antônio de Jesus, Bahia, Brazil. This study used data from 938 pregnant women aged between 18 to 45 years within the NISAMI prospective cohort. Premature birth prevalence was 11.8%, with a higher prevalence among black than non-black women (12.9% versus 6.0%, respectively). Maternal age between 18 and 24 years was the only factor associated with premature birth. A higher risk of premature birth was found among black women than non-black women (RR 3.22; 95%CI 1.42-7.32). These results reveal the existence of racial and social inequalities in the occurrence of premature birth.

Resumo A incidência de parto prematuro tem aumentado em todo o mundo, distribuída de forma desigual por raça/etnia. O racismo gera desigualdades econômicas, disparidades educacionais e acesso diferenciado à saúde, o que aumenta o risco de parto prematuro. Assim, este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar os fatores associados à prematuridade e disparidades raciais e étnicas no parto prematuro entre gestantes atendidas durante o pré-natal em unidades de saúde do Sistema Único de Saúde na zona urbana de Santo Antônio de Jesus, Bahia, Brasil. Este estudo utilizou dados de 938 mulheres grávidas com idade entre 18 e 45 anos dentro da coorte prospectiva do NISAMI. A prevalência de prematuridade foi de 11,8%, sendo maior entre as negras do que entre as não negras (12,9% versus 6,0%, respectivamente). A idade materna entre 18 e 24 anos foi o único fator associado ao parto prematuro. Foi encontrado maior risco de prematuridade entre as mulheres negras do que entre as não negras (RR 3,22; IC95% 1,42-7,32). Esses resultados revelam a existência de desigualdades raciais e sociais na ocorrência do parto prematuro.

'Through a kaleidoscope': A Foucauldian discourse analysis of Belgian policy regarding patients with a migration background and depression in general practices.

A higher prevalence of depression is found among patients with a migration background within the Belgian population. Nevertheless, this group is underrepresented in ambulant and residential mental health care services. Since general practitioners (GPs) have a crucial gatekeeping role, this led some researchers to investigate the possibility of a provider bias influencing GPs' assessment and referral of depressed patients with a migration background. However, GPs' accounts may be influenced by wider professional discourses present at the policy level, which are inevitably linked to institutions regulating the conduct of GPs. Therefore, this study applied a Foucauldian discourse analysis (a) to identify broader professional discourses in Belgian policy documents regarding patients with a migration background and depression in general practices, (b) to examine how patients with a migration background are discursively positioned and (c) to investigate which different balances of power in the relationship between GPs and patients with a migration background are demonstrated in the identified discourses. We identified three recurring discourses: (a) the othering discourse, (b) the health literacy discourse, and (c) the person-centred discourse. Our analysis demonstrated that the former two discourses illustrate the perpetuation of a biomedical discourse. While the last discourse is aligned with a counter-discourse associated with the person-centred care model in health care. Consequently, our analysis demonstrated the construction of a contradictory discursive framework throughout the various policy documents on which GPs might rely when speaking about patients with a migration background suffering from depression.

Racial biases in healthcare: Examining the contributions of Point of Care tools and unintended practitioner bias to patient treatment and diagnosis.

Sophisticated algorithms are used daily to search through hundreds of medical journals in order to package updated medical insights into commercial databases. Healthcare practitioners can access these searchable databases-called Point of Care (PoC) tools-as downloadable apps on their smartphones or tablets to comprehensively and efficiently inform patient diagnosis and treatment. Because racist biases are unintentionally incorporated into the search reports that the companies generate and that practitioners regularly access, the aim of this article is to examine how healthcare practitioners' "pre-existing" racial stereotypes interact with pithy conclusions about race and ethnicity in PoC tools. I use qualitative research methods (content analysis, discourse analysis, open-ended semi-structured interviews, and role play) to frame the analysis within the Public Health Critical Race Praxis (PHCRP). This approach facilitates an understanding of how biological racism-the use of scientific evidence to support inherent differences between races-that is embedded in PoC algorithms informs a practitioner's assessment of a patient, and converges with persistent racial bias in medical training, medical research and healthcare. I contextualize the study with one semi-structured interview with an Editor of a leading PoC tool, MedScope (pseudonomized), and 10 semi-structured interviews with healthcare practitioners in S.E. Ontario, Canada. The article concludes that PoC tools and practitioners' personal biases contribute to racial prejudices in healthcare provision. This warrants further research on racial bias in medical literature and curriculum design in medical school.

Social and Racial Disparities in Food Consumption Among Brazilian College Students: a Nationwide Study.

This study aims to assess the association between economic class, race/skin color, and food consumption among Brazilian college students. A cross-sectional web-based survey was conducted with college students from all over Brazil. Demographic data, economic class, self-reported race/skin color, anthropometry, and food consumption markers from the Brazilian Food and Nutrition Surveillance System were collected. The final sample comprised 5843 participants with a mean age of 24.1 (SD: 6.3) years, 4292 (73.5%) were female, and 810 (13.9%) in the highest economic stratum. We observed a progressive decrease in the frequency of fresh fruits and vegetables consumption from higher to lower economic classes (p < 0.01 for both). Contrarily, there was a progressive increase in the frequency of consumption of beans from higher to lower economic classes (p < 0.01). The frequency consumption of vegetables was also associated with race/skin color (p < 0.01), being lower in brown (PR: 0.94; CI 95%: 0.90; 0.98), and black (PR: 0.91; 95% CI: 0.85; 0.98) individuals, compared to white individuals. Brown individuals showed higher frequency consumption of beans (PR: 1.10; 95% CI: 1.05; 1.15) than whites. When compared to individuals of white race/skin color, brown (PR: 1.07; 95% CI: 1.01; 1.13) and black (PR: 1.15; 95% CI: 1.07; 1.23) individuals showed higher frequency consumption of sweetened beverages. Economic class and race/skin color were independent factors associated with the food consumption of Brazilian college students.

Sourcing and framing in cancer control continuum: A content analysis of Malaysian English and Chinese online cancer news.

Background: In health news production, sourcing and framing are two critical mechanisms that influence how newsreaders think about and perceive the severity of a health issue. Understanding how local media covers the cancer control continuum is vital. However, very limited studies have looked at the effect of sourcing and framing in cancer news coverage, and it is still unknown how sources and news frames shape cancer coverage, especially in non-Western countries. Objective: This study examines framing and sourcing patterns in news stories reporting on cancer control in Malaysian mainstream (English) and ethnicity (Chinese) online news sites, uncovering underlining associations between essential news components, source, and framing. Methods: We used a predesigned code book to conduct a quantitative content analysis on cancer news stories (n = 841) published on two Malaysian English and Chinese online news sites from 2017 to 2019. Cancer news received adequate coverage in Malaysian English and Chinese media and was also session-centered. Results: Two logistic regression models demonstrated the internal relationships between sourcing, framing, and different elements in cancer coverage. In terms of news sources, the results revealed that medical journals were the most likely to be cited when the news focused on medical research, followed by primary cancer prevention. When the news concentrated on statistical cancer reports and environmental/occupational risk factors, government agencies were more likely to be interviewed. Of news frames, when the news articles engaged with medical institutions and mentioned medical publications, the lifestyle frame was very likely to be shown, but the environmental frame was more likely to be portrayed when interviewing medical practitioners. Conclusion: This study is the first comprehensive assessment to analyze and compare Malaysian English and Chinese online cancer news coverages and uncover underlying associations between news components, sourcing, and framing paradigms. We contributed to the scholarly understanding of cancer news coverage. This study can serve as a model for future health promotion researchers, journalists, and policymakers. Implications for cancer risk communication research, health journalist practices, and health policymaking were discussed.

Epistemic racism in the health professions: A qualitative study with Black women in Canada.

Systemic racism within health care is increasingly garnering critical attention, but to date attention to the racism experienced by health professionals themselves has been scant. In Canada, anti-Black racism may be embodied in structures, policies, institutional practices and interpersonal interactions. Epistemic racism is an aspect of systemic racism wherein the knowledge claims, ways of knowing and 'knowers' themselves are constructed as invalid, or less credible. This critical interpretive qualitative study examined the experiences of epistemic racism among 13 healthcare professionals across Canada who self-identified as Black women. It explores the ways knowledge claims and expert authority are discredited and undermined, despite the attainment of professional credentials. Three themes were identified: 1. Not being perceived or portrayed as credible health professionals; 2. Requiring invisible labour to counter professional credibility 'deficit'; and 3. Devaluing knowledge while imposing stereotypes. The Black women in our study faced routine epistemic racism. They were not afforded the position of legitimate knower, expert, authority, despite their professional credentials as physicians, nurses and occupational therapists. Their embodied cultural and community knowledges were disregarded in favour of stereotyped assumptions. Adopting the professional comportment of 'Whiteness' was one way these health care providers strived to be perceived as credible professionals. Their experiences are characteristic of 'misogynoir', a particular form of racism directed at Black women. Anti-Black epistemic racism constitutes one way Whiteness is perpetuated in health professions institutions.

Evidencias sobre la salud de la mujer no blanca en Cuba. 2010-2020 / Evidence on non-white women´s health in Cuba. 2010-2020

Introducción: El tema sobre la salud en la mujer es recurrente en las investigaciones y no siempre entre las variables que influyen en esta situación se incluye el color de la piel, como diferencial relevante. Objetivo: Mostrar evidencias sobre la situación de salud de la mujer no blanca en Cuba, en el período 2010-2020. Material y Métodos: Se revisaron 25 publicaciones científicas en las bases de datos Scielo Regional, PubMed, Google Académico y Google. La estrategia de búsqueda incluyó artículos originales de autores cubanos a texto completo publicados de enero de 2010 hasta diciembre de 2020. Se seleccionaron 13 y se eliminaron 12 publicaciones por título o texto no coincidente con el tema o por repeticiones. Desarrollo: Las publicaciones se distribuyeron en dos grupos para su análisis: nueve por coincidir título y texto y cuatro por coincidencia de texto, colocados en tablas, esquema y gráfico. Entre los resultados destacan la diversidad de objetivos y propuestas metodológicas en los textos, aunque en casi todos hubo coincidencia en reconocer la influencia de otros factores más que el color de la piel, en los problemas de salud de las mujeres de razas negra y mestiza. Conclusiones: Las evidencias que se hallaron deben estimular el diseño de investigaciones que amplíen conocimientos sobre los factores determinantes del nivel de salud de las mujeres cubanas no blancas(AU)

Introduction: Women's health is a recurrent topic in research in health sciences and the variables that influence this health situation do not always include the variable "skin color" as a relevant differential. Objective: To show evidence on non-white women´s health in Cuba during the period 2010-2020. Material and Methods: A total of 25 scientific publications were reviewed in the SciELO Regional, PubMed, Google Scholar and Google databases. The search strategy included full text versions of orifinal articles published by Cuban authors from January 2010 to December 2020. A total of 13 were selected and 12 of them were eliminated because the title or text did not coincide with the topic or because of repetitions. Development: The publications were divided into two groups for their analysis: nine for coincidences between the title and the text, and four for coincidcences in text ; they were displayed in tables and figures. Among the results, the diversity of objectives and methodological proposals in the texts are highlighted although, in almost all cases, there was a coincidence in recognizing other factors that are more influential on the health problems of black and mixed race women than the skin color. Conclusions: The evidence found should encourage the design of research that expands knowledge about the determining factors for the level of health of non-white Cuban women(AU)

Impact on routine psychiatric diagnostic practice from implementing the DSM-5 cultural formulation interview: a pragmatic RCT in Sweden.

BACKGROUND: Culture and social context affect the expression and interpretation of symptoms of distress, raising challenges for transcultural psychiatric diagnostics. This increases the risk that mental disorders among migrants and ethnic minorities are undetected, diagnosed late or misdiagnosed. We investigated whether adding a culturally sensitive tool, the DSM-5 core Cultural Formulation Interview (CFI), to routine diagnostic procedures impacts the psychiatric diagnostic process. METHOD: We compared the outcome of a diagnostic procedure that included the CFI with routine diagnostic procedures used at Swedish psychiatric clinics. New patients (n = 256) admitted to a psychiatric outpatient clinic were randomized to a control (n = 122) or CFI-enhanced diagnostic procedure (n = 134) group. An intention-to-treat analysis was conducted and the prevalence ratio and corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated across arms for depressive and anxiety disorder diagnoses, multiple diagnoses, and delayed diagnosis. RESULTS: The prevalence ratio (PR) of a depressive disorder diagnosis across arms was 1.21 (95% CI = 0.83-1.75), 33.6% of intervention-arm participants vs. 27.9% of controls. The prevalence ratio was higher among patients whose native language was not Swedish (PR =1.61, 95% CI = 0.91-2.86). The prevalence ratio of receiving multiple diagnoses was higher for the CFI group among non-native speaking patients, and lower to a statistically significant degree among native Swedish speakers (PR = .39, 95% CI = 0.18-0.82). CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest that the implementation of the DSM-5 CFI in routine psychiatric diagnostic practice may facilitate identification of symptoms of certain psychiatric disorders, like depression, among non-native speaking patients in a migration context. The CFI did not result in a reduction of patients with a non-definite diagnosis. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ISRCTN51527289 , 30/07/2019. The trial was retrospectively registered.

A variável raça/cor em estudos epidemiológicos brasileiros sobre atividade física (2015-2019): formas de estratificação e principais resultados / La variable raza/color en estudios epidemiológicos brasileños sobre actividad física (2015-2019): formas de estratificación y principales resultados / The race/color variable in brazilian epidemiological studies of physical activity (2015-2019): forms of stratification and main results

Objetivou-se verificar como tem sido estratificada a variável raça/cor em estudos brasileiros que tiveram a atividade física (AF) como variável dependente e a associação entre a raça/cor com a atividade física no tempo livre (AFTL). Foram encontrados 20 estudos e nove formas de estratificação, sendo a mais comum: branco, pardo, preto. A ria "branco" esteve em todos os estudos. Doze trabalhos analisaram a relação da raça/cor com a AFTL e cinco destes observaram alguma associação, variando conforme faixa etária. Conclui-se que a raça/cor tem sido investigada de maneira diversa, que menos da metade dos estudos observaram alguma relação com a AFTL e que nos estudos que observaram associação, a direção foi diferente, dependendo da faixa etária (AU).

The objective was to verify how the race/color variable has been stratified in Brazilian studies that had physical activity (PA) as a dependent variable and the association between race/color with leisure-time physical activity (LTPA). In the 20 studies found, nine forms of stratification were observed, the most used being: white, brown, black. The "white" category was included in all studies. Twelve studies analyzed the relationship of race/color with LTPA and five of these observed some association, varying according to age group. Conclude that race/color was investigated in different ways, that less than half of the studies observed some relationship with LTPA and that in studies that observed an association, the direction of this was different depending on the age group (AU).

El objetivo fue verificar cómo se estratificó la variable raza/color en estudios brasileños con la actividad física (AF) como variable dependiente y la asociación entre raza/color con la actividad física en el tiempo libre (AFTL). Fueron encontrados 20 estudios y observadas nueve formas de estratificación, siendo las más utilizadas: blanco, marrón, negro. La categoría "blanca" estaba en todos los estudios. Doce artículos analizaron la relación de raza/color con AFTL y cinco de ellos observaron alguna asociación, cambiando según la edad. Concluye que la raza/color fue investigado de diferentes formas, que menos de la mitad de los estudios observaron alguna relación con la AFTL y los estudios que observaron una asociación, la dirección de esta fue diferente según el grupo de edad (AU).

A variável raça/cor em estudos epidemiológicos brasileiros sobre atividade física (2015-2019): formas de estratificação e principais resultados / The race/color variable in brazilian epidemiological studies of physical activity (2015-2019): forms of stratification and main results / La variable raza/color en estudios epidemiológicos brasileños sobre actividad física (2015-2019): formas de estratificación y principales resultados

Objetivou-se verificar como tem sido estratificada a variável raça/cor em estudos brasileiros que tiveram a atividade física (AF) como variável dependente e a associação entre a raça/cor com a atividade física no tempo livre (AFTL). Foram encontrados 20 estudos e nove formas de estratificação, sendo a mais comum: branco, pardo, preto. A categoria "branco" esteve em todos os estudos. Doze trabalhos analisaram a relação da raça/cor com a AFTL e cinco destes observaram alguma associação, variando conforme faixa etária. Conclui-se que a raça/cor tem sido investigada de maneira diversa, que menos da metade dos estudos observaram alguma relação com a AFTL e que nos estudos que observaram associação, a direção foi diferente, dependendo da faixa etária.

The objective was to verify how the race/color variable has been stratified in Brazilian studies that had physical activity (PA) as a dependent variable and the association between race/color with leisure-time physical activity (LTPA). In the 20 studies found, nine forms of stratification were observed, the most used being: white, brown, black. The "white" category was included in all studies. Twelve studies analyzed the relationship of race/color with LTPA and five of these observed some association, varying according to age group. Conclude that race/color was investigated in different ways, that less than half of the studies observed some relationship with LTPA and that in studies that observed an association, the direction of this was different depending on the age group.

El objetivo fue verificar cómo se estratificó la variable raza/color en estudios brasileños con la actividad física (AF) como variable dependiente y la asociación entre raza/color con la actividad física en el tiempo libre (AFTL). Fueron encontrados 20 estudios y observadas nueve formas de estratificación, siendo las más utilizadas: blanco, marrón, negro. La categoría "blanca" estaba en todos los estudios. Doce artículos analizaron la relación de raza/color con AFTL y cinco de ellos observaron alguna asociación, cambiando según la edad. Concluye que la raza/color fue investigado de diferentes formas, que menos de la mitad de los estudios observaron alguna relación con la AFTL y los estudios que observaron una asociación, la dirección de esta fue diferente según el grupo de edad.

A question of justice: Critically researching suicide with Indigenous studies of affect, biosociality, and land-based relations.

This paper considers how Indigenous studies can inform the evolution of critical research on suicide. Aligned with critiques of mainstream suicidology, these methodological approaches provide a roadmap for structural analysis of complex systems and logics in which the phenomenon of suicide emerges. Moving beyond mere naming of social determinants of suicide and consistent with calls for a theory of justice within suicide research, Indigenous studies helps to advance conceptual knowledge of suicide in descriptive means and enhance ethical responses to suicide beyond psychocentric domains. Through centering Indigenous theories of affect, biosociality, and land-based relations, this article examines what new knowledge of suicide can emerge, as well as what ethical responses are possible to suicide and to a world where suicide exists. This new knowledge can inform practices for critical suicide studies which are invested in resisting structural violence, nourish agency, dignity and freedom for those living and dying in often-unlivable presents, and enhancing livability for individuals, communities, and the environment living under shadows of empire. Implications for theory, ethics, and suicide research and prevention practice are considered.

Non-Vaccination Stage Model (NVST): The decision-making process among Israeli ultra-orthodox Jewish parents.

Although vaccination uptake is high in most countries, pockets of suboptimal coverage remain, such as those observed among ultra-orthodox Jews in Israel and elsewhere, posing a threat to both individual and public immunity. Drawing on the Precaution Adoption Process Model (PAPM), this study proposes a Non-Vaccination Stage Model (NVSM) to analyze the decision-making process among Non-Vaccinating Parents (NVPs), focusing on the ultra-orthodox Jewish population of Israel. In-depth interviews were conducted with 10 Israeli ultra-orthodox Jewish NVPs (mothers). The interviews revealed five stages in the participants' decision-making process: Being good mothers who vaccinate their children; Emergence of doubts regarding the risks of vaccination; Personal vaccination policy-hesitancy concerning vaccination; Decision not to vaccinate; Confirmation signs of what participants perceive as a wise decision. NVSM can help understand parents who consider non-vaccination to be healthier behavior and explore the various stages of their decision-making process. Differentiating among the various stages of NVPs' decision-making processes enables application of different intervention approaches by policymakers and healthcare practitioners.

'Think before you drink': Challenging narratives on foetal alcohol spectrum disorder and indigeneity in Canada.

Foetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder (FASD) has emerged as a significant public health issue, in Canada and elsewhere. Health experts increasingly acknowledge that the disproportionate impact of FASD on indigenous people is driven by social and historical contexts, especially in settler colonial states like Canada. However, they generally frame FASD as preventable through abstinence and the effects of FASD as manageable through provision of appropriate medical and legal protection to affected offspring. Drawing from Marxist, anticolonial and anti-imperial theories and applying a Critical Discourse Analysis approach, we identify the (re) production of colonial and capitalist dominance in the expert literature. We show that dominant narratives depoliticize FASD by conceptualizing settler colonialism as a past event, ignoring ongoing, contemporary forms of settler colonial dispossession and resituating FASD within an expert language that locates solutions to FASD within affected individuals and communities. In so doing, these narratives legitimize, and contribute to perpetuating, existing disease inequities, prevent the formulation of policies that address the very real and as yet unmet needs of FASD affected individuals, families and communities and erase from the public discourse discussions about changes that could truly address FASD inequities at their root. We conclude by elaborating on the implication of these narratives for policy, practice and equity, in Canada and other settler colonial states.

Race in public health dentistry: a critical review of the literature

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To carry out a critical review of the literature on the use of race, color, and ethnicity in the field of public health dentistry. METHODS A literature search was conducted in MEDLINE via PubMed for articles published between 2014 and 2019. Using a data extraction form, we collected information on (1) bibliographic characteristics of the selected papers; (2) race, color, and ethnicity of the study participants and their sociodemographic profiles; and (3) the extent to which the original publications followed the recommendations by Kaplan and Bennett (2003) on the use of race, color, or ethnicity in biomedical research. RESULTS Our initial search identified 2,032 articles, 53 of which were selected for full-text examination and assessment following pre-established eligibility criteria. Around 60% (n = 32) of the included studies did not justify the use of race, color, or ethnicity in their analyses, and 9% (n = 5) took these variables as indicators of the participants' genetic makeup. On the other hand, 68% (n = 36) of the reviewed papers considered race, color, and ethnicity as risk markers - not risk factors - for adverse oral health outcomes, whereas 80% (n = 42) adjusted racial/ethnic inequities for a range of socioeconomic and demographic factors in statistical models. Only one study (2%) explicitly took race, color, or ethnicity as a contextually dependent dimension of the participants' identities. CONCLUSION Our findings indicate that research on oral health inequities is often based on reductionist and stigmatizing conceptions of race, color, or ethnicity. Such harmful misconceptions should be replaced with anti-racist narratives in order to effectively address racial oral health inequities.

Covid-19 entre indígenas na Amazônia brasileira: fatores associados ao óbito / Covid-19 among the Brazilian Amazon indigenous people: factors associated with death

Resumo Este estudo objetiva analisar fatores associados ao óbito de indígenas pela covid-19 no estado do Amapá, Brasil. Trata-se de um estudo caso-controle emparelhado por sexo e idade, que utilizou um banco de dados secundários público, produzido pela Secretaria de Estado da Saúde do Amapá. Os casos (n=29) foram óbitos de indígenas pela covid-19 e os controles foram curas da doença (n=87), registrados entre abril de 2020 e janeiro de 2021. Dados de indivíduos com doença ativa foram excluídos da análise. Foram realizadas análises univariadas seguidas por regressão logística múltipla para estudo das variáveis independentes associadas ao desfecho de óbito. A maioria dos casos de óbito era do sexo feminino (51,7%), sem comorbidades (62,1%), residentes em municípios da Região Metropolitana de Macapá (RMM) (65,5%) e em área urbana (89,7%). A mediana das idades do grupo de óbitos foi de 72 anos (intervalo interquartil= 21,5). O modelo múltiplo final demonstrou que indígenas com comorbidade cardiovascular apresentaram chance 4,01 vezes (intervalo de confiança de 95% - IC 95%= 1,05-15,36) maior de óbito pela covid-19 quando comparados a indígenas sem comorbidades. E que indígenas residentes na RMM apresentaram chance 2,90 vezes (IC 95%= 1,10-7,67) maior de óbito quando comparados aos indígenas residentes no interior do estado Amapá.

Abstract This case-control study paired by gender and age analyzes factors associated with the death of indigenous people from COVID-19 in the state of Amapá, Brazil. Data were collected from a public secondary database produced by the Amapá State Department of Health. Cases (n=29) were deaths of indigenous people from COVID-19 and controls were cures of the disease (n=87), recorded between April 2020 and January 2021. Data from individuals with active disease were excluded. Univariate analysis followed by multiple logistic regression were performed to study the independent variables associated with death. Most cases of death were women (51.7%), without comorbidities (62.1%), residing in cities of the Metropolitan Region of Macapá (RMM) (65.5%) and in urban areas (89.7%). Median age of the death group was 72 years (interquartile range=21.5). The final multiple model showed that indigenous individuals with cardiovascular comorbidity had a 4.01 times greater chance (95% confidence interval - 95% CI=1.05-15.36) of death by COVID-19 when compared with indigenous people without comorbidities. And that indigenous people residing in the RMM had a 2.90 times greater chance (95%CI = 1.10-7.67) of death when compared with indigenous residing in the countryside.

Iniquidades étnico-raciais na mortalidade infantil: implicações de mudanças do registro de cor/raça nos sistemas nacionais de informação em saúde no Brasil / Ethnic and racial iniquities in infant mortality: implications of changes in recording color/race in national health information systems in Brazil / Inequidades étnico-raciales en la mortalidad infantil: implicaciones de cambios del registro de color/raza en los sistemas nacionales de información en salud en Brasil

Trata-se de estudo descritivo que teve como objetivo discutir as repercussões da mudança na metodologia de coleta da variável cor/raça no Sistema de Informações sobre Nascidos Vivos (SINASC) sobre as taxas de mortalidade infantil (TMI) segundo cor/raça no Brasil. Foram analisadas as variações anuais nas frequências de nascidos vivos e óbitos infantis por cor/raça entre 2009 e 2017. As TMI por cor/raça foram estimadas segundo três estratégias: (1) método direto; (2) fixando-se, em todos os anos, as proporções de nascidos vivos por cor/raça observadas em 2009; e (3) fixando-se, em todos os anos, as proporções de óbitos por cor/raça observadas em 2009. As estratégias visaram explorar o efeito isolado das variações nas proporções de nascidos vivos ou de óbitos por cor/raça sobre as estimativas de TMI antes e após a mudança da variável cor/raça no SINASC. De 2011 para 2012 (ano de mudança da variável cor/raça no SINASC), verificou-se súbito incremento das Declarações de Nascidos Vivos (DNV) de cor/raça preta, parda e indígena, acompanhado de redução de DNV de cor/raça branca, sem variações correspondentes nos óbitos. O incremento do denominador da TMI das categorias de cor/raça socialmente mais vulnerabilizadas resultou na atenuação das TMI de pretos e indígenas, no incremento da TMI de brancos e, consequentemente, na redução artificial das iniquidades na mortalidade infantil por cor/raça. A mudança da variável cor/raça no SINASC interrompeu a série histórica de nascidos vivos por cor/raça, afetando os indicadores que potencialmente dependem desses dados para seu cálculo, como a TMI. Argumenta-se que as TMI por cor/raça antes e após a mudança no SINASC são indicadores distintos e não comparáveis.

This descriptive study aimed to discuss the repercussions of the change in the methodology for recording the color/race variable in the Brazilian Information System on Live Births (SINASC) on infant mortality rates (IMR) according to color/race in Brazil. Annual variations were analyzed in the rates of live births and infant deaths according to color/race from 2009 to 2017. The IMR according to color/race were estimated using three strategies: (1) direct method; (2) for every year, setting the same proportions of live births by color/race as observed in 2009; and (3) for every year, setting the same proportions of deaths by color/race as observed in 2009. The strategies aimed to explore the single effect of the variations in the proportions of live births or of deaths according to color/race on the estimated IMR before and after the change in the color/race variable in the SINASC database. Between 2011 and 2012 (the year of the change in the color/race variable in SINASC), there was a sudden increase in birthdates with black, brown, and indigenous color/race, along with a reduction in birthdates with white color/race, without no corresponding variations in deaths. The increase of more socially vulnerable color/race categories in the IMR denominator resulted in the attenuation of IMR for black and indigenous infants and in an increase in the IMR for white infants and consequently an artificial reduction in iniquities in infant mortality according to color/race. The change in the color/race variable in SINASC interrupted the historical series of live births by color/race, affecting indicators that potentially depend on these data for their calculation, in this case the IMR. The resulting argument is that infant mortality rates by color/race before versus after the change in the SINASC database are distinct and noncomparable indicators.

Estudio descriptivo que tuvo como objetivo discutir las repercusiones del cambio en la metodología de recogida de la variable color/raza en el Sistema de Información sobre Nacidos Vivos (SINASC) sobre las tasas de mortalidad infantil (TMI), según color/raza en Brasil. Se analizaron las variaciones anuales en las frecuencias de nacidos vivos y óbitos infantiles por color/raza entre 2009 y 2017. Las TMI por color/raza se estimaron según tres estrategias: (1) método directo; (2) fijándose, en todos los años, las proporciones de nacidos vivos por color/raza observadas en 2009; y (3) fijándose, en todos los años, las proporciones de óbitos por color/raza observadas en 2009. Las estrategias tuvieron como objetivo explorar el efecto aislado de las variaciones en las proporciones de nacidos vivos o de óbitos por color/raza sobre las estimaciones de TMI antes y tras el cambio de la variable color/raza en el SINASC. De 2011 a 2012 (año de cambio de la variable color/raza en el SINASC), se verificó un súbito incremento de las Declaraciones de Nacidos Vivos (DNV) de color/raza negra, mestiza e indígena, acompañado de una reducción de DNV de color/raza blanca, sin variaciones correspondientes en los óbitos. El incremento del denominador de la TMI de las categorías de color/raza socialmente más vulnerabilizadas resultó en la atenuación de las TMI de negros e indígenas y en el incremento de la TMI de blancos y, consecuentemente, en la reducción artificial de las inequidades en la mortalidad infantil por color/raza. El cambio de la variable color/raza en el SINASC interrumpió la serie histórica de nacidos vivos por color/raza, afectando los indicadores que potencialmente dependen de esos datos para su cálculo, como la TMI. Se argumenta que las TMI por color/raza antes y después del cambio en el SINASC son indicadores distintos y no comparables.

Experiencias de salud mapuche en Atención Primaria de Salud desde trabajadores sanitarios y usuarios/as en zona urbana de Chile / Mapuche health experiences in Primary Health Care from health workers and users in urban Chile

Resumen Este estudio describe experiencias y percepciones sobre interculturalidad en Atención Primaria de Salud (APS) desde la perspectiva de trabajadores/as y usuarios/as de salud mapuche. Se realizó una sistematización cualitativa de experiencias de un Programa de Salud Intercultural en APS en una comuna urbana de Chile. Participaron 19 usuarios/as y 13 trabajadores/as en entrevistas individuales y tres entrevistas grupales, respectivamente. Se realizó un análisis de contenido semántico. Para los participantes, la salud mapuche es percibida positivamente, los/as usuarios/as la asimilan al concepto de interculturalidad, mientras que los/as trabajadores/as señalan que, si bien se respeta, no se promueve un trabajo integrado. Los/las participantes identifican como barreras aspectos administrativos, falta de integración y cuestionamientos científicos. Se requiere reconocimiento de la salud indígena y mayor formación de trabajadores/as sobre salud indígena e interculturalidad.

Abstract This study describes experiences and perceptions on interculturality in Primary Health Care (PHC) from the perspective of health workers and Mapuche health users. For this purpose, a qualitative systematization of these experiences was carried out in a PHC Intercultural Health Program at an urban commune in Chile. Data were collected by means of individual and group interviews, respectively, with 19 users and 13 professionals. The semantic content analysis was performed. While service users perceive Mapuche health positively, assimilating it to the concept of interculturality, health workers reported that Mapuche health is respected but no integrated work is promoted. As barriers, participants cited administrative aspects, lack of integration, and scientific issues. In conclusion, recognition of indigenous health and greater occupational training on indigenous health and interculturality is necessary.